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國家(jia)發展改革(ge)委、住房城鄉(xiang)建設部修訂印發《城鎮供水(shui)價(jia)格管理(li)辦(ban)法》《城鎮供水(shui)定價(jia)成(cheng)本(ben)監審辦(ban)法》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱兩個《辦(ban)法》）。就社會各方面關(guan)心的問題(ti)，記者采(cai)訪了國家(jia)發展改革(ge)委有關(guan)負(fu)責(ze)人。

1.問：請介紹一下兩個《辦法》修訂出臺背景。

答(da)：2020年12月23日，國(guo)(guo)務院辦(ban)公廳轉發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)等(deng)部門(men)《關于(yu)清理規(gui)范城鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)供(gong)(gong)電供(gong)(gong)氣供(gong)(gong)暖(nuan)行(xing)業(ye)收費 促進行(xing)業(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)意(yi)見》（國(guo)(guo)辦(ban)函〔2020〕129號，以(yi)下簡(jian)稱《意(yi)見》），要求(qiu)加(jia)快建立健(jian)全以(yi)“準許(xu)(xu)成本加(jia)合(he)理收益(yi)”為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)，有(you)利于(yu)激勵提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)質(zhi)量、促進節(jie)約用水(shui)的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格機(ji)制。現(xian)行(xing)《城市(shi)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格管理辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》1998年印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)，2004年進行(xing)了(le)個(ge)別條款(kuan)的(de)修(xiu)訂；《城市(shi)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)成本監(jian)審(shen)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)（試行(xing)）》2011年印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)實施(shi)。兩個(ge)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)的(de)實施(shi)對(dui)指導地方(fang)規(gui)范城市(shi)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格管理發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)了(le)積(ji)極作用。但近年來隨著城鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格改(gai)革的(de)深化(hua)(hua)，原(yuan)有(you)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)構成、分類、定(ding)調價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)程序(xu)等(deng)內(nei)容已(yi)不符(fu)合(he)形勢(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)變化(hua)(hua)需要，特別是在供(gong)(gong)水(shui)壟斷環節(jie)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格監(jian)管方(fang)面，需要提(ti)出更為(wei)(wei)明晰的(de)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。為(wei)(wei)加(jia)快建立健(jian)全以(yi)“準許(xu)(xu)成本加(jia)合(he)理收益(yi)”為(wei)(wei)核心的(de)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制，提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)城鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格監(jian)管的(de)科學化(hua)(hua)、精細化(hua)(hua)、規(gui)范化(hua)(hua)水(shui)平，促進行(xing)業(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)會同住房城鄉建設部對(dui)原(yuan)有(you)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)進行(xing)了(le)修(xiu)訂，公開征求(qiu)了(le)社會意(yi)見，修(xiu)改(gai)完善后(hou)于(yu)近日印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)兩個(ge)《辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》。

2.問：兩個《辦法》的主要內容有哪些？

答：《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》明(ming)(ming)確(que)了城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)原(yuan)則、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方法(fa)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)調價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)程(cheng)序，以(yi)及水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)分類(lei)、計價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)、規范(fan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)企業(ye)服務收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)為等。主要(yao)內(nei)容：一是按照“準(zhun)許(xu)成(cheng)本加合(he)理(li)收(shou)(shou)益”的方法(fa)核(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)。制定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)，以(yi)成(cheng)本監(jian)(jian)審為基(ji)礎，通過核(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)準(zhun)許(xu)成(cheng)本、監(jian)(jian)管(guan)準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)益確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)準(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入，根(gen)據核(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)，并(bing)統籌考慮當地供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)事業(ye)發展需要(yao)、促(cu)進(jin)(jin)節約(yue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、社會承受能力、服務質量等因素。二(er)是簡化水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)分類(lei)、明(ming)(ming)確(que)計價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)。城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)根(gen)據使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性質分為居民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、非(fei)居民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、特(te)種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)三(san)類(lei)，居民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)階梯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制度、非(fei)居民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)超定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額累進(jin)(jin)加價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制度。三(san)是規范(fan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)調價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)程(cheng)序、強化信(xin)息(xi)公(gong)開(kai)。要(yao)求制定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)居民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)或定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機制應(ying)當按照價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)聽(ting)證的有關規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)開(kai)展聽(ting)證，并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)信(xin)息(xi)公(gong)開(kai)。四是規范(fan)服務收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)為、提升服務質量。明(ming)(ming)確(que)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓應(ying)當符(fu)合(he)國家規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)標準(zhun)。除受用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶委托開(kai)展的建設安裝工程(cheng)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)外，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)企業(ye)不得(de)濫(lan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壟斷地位收(shou)(shou)取供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)開(kai)戶費(fei)(fei)、接入費(fei)(fei)、增容費(fei)(fei)等費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

《城(cheng)鎮供(gong)(gong)水定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)監審辦法(fa)》明(ming)確了(le)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)和核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)。主要內容：一是(shi)明(ming)確城(cheng)鎮供(gong)(gong)水定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)圍。按照合(he)(he)法(fa)性(xing)、相關(guan)性(xing)、合(he)(he)理性(xing)原則，規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)城(cheng)鎮供(gong)(gong)水定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)包(bao)括固(gu)定(ding)(ding)資產(chan)(chan)折(zhe)舊費(fei)(fei)(fei)、無形資產(chan)(chan)攤銷和運行維(wei)護費(fei)(fei)(fei)，并對計入定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的項(xiang)目作了(le)具體規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。二是(shi)明(ming)確定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和有效(xiao)資產(chan)(chan)核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)。細化明(ming)確固(gu)定(ding)(ding)資產(chan)(chan)折(zhe)舊、原水費(fei)(fei)(fei)、材料費(fei)(fei)(fei)、動力費(fei)(fei)(fei)、人工(gong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)等成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用的審核(he)(he)標準，對可計提收益的有效(xiao)資產(chan)(chan)范(fan)圍及其核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)做出(chu)明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，對供(gong)(gong)水企業職工(gong)人數(shu)定(ding)(ding)員、管網漏(lou)損率控制(zhi)等建立激勵約束機(ji)制(zhi)。

3.問：請問修訂后的兩個《辦法》有哪些亮點？

答：兩個(ge)《辦法》堅持(chi)問(wen)題導(dao)向，堅持(chi)激勵和約束(shu)并(bing)重，通過制(zhi)度建設構建長效機制(zhi)，主要(yao)亮點：

一是(shi)建立了(le)(le)促進供(gong)水(shui)(shui)企業(ye)(ye)降(jiang)本(ben)增(zeng)效的(de)激勵約(yue)束(shu)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。在人工成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)考核方面(mian)，設立了(le)(le)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)企業(ye)(ye)職(zhi)工人數定(ding)員(yuan)(yuan)上限標準(zhun)；在管(guan)網(wang)漏損(sun)(sun)考核方面(mian)，設定(ding)了(le)(le)管(guan)網(wang)漏損(sun)(sun)率控制(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)。供(gong)水(shui)(shui)企業(ye)(ye)超出規定(ding)標準(zhun)的(de)部分，不得計(ji)入(ru)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)定(ding)價成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)；低于(yu)規定(ding)標準(zhun)的(de)，按規定(ding)標準(zhun)計(ji)算。修訂后的(de)辦法還增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)企業(ye)(ye)自用水(shui)(shui)率等約(yue)束(shu)性(xing)指標。激勵和約(yue)束(shu)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)建立有利(li)于(yu)破解(jie)“鞭打快牛”問題，有利(li)于(yu)激勵供(gong)水(shui)(shui)企業(ye)(ye)精簡人員(yuan)(yuan)，降(jiang)低管(guan)網(wang)漏損(sun)(sun)率，挖掘潛(qian)力，加(jia)強(qiang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)，提高生產經營效率和市場競爭力，推動行業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)量(liang)發展(zhan)。

二是對供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)能力過(guo)度超前(qian)建設進行(xing)適(shi)當控制。考慮用水(shui)季(ji)節(jie)性需求(qiu)波動、城市(shi)發展需要(yao)等因素(su)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)設計能力應留有(you)合理的(de)冗余度，但供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)設施過(guo)度超前(qian)建設也(ye)帶來固定資產閑置等問題，修訂后(hou)的(de)辦法適(shi)當提高了對供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)負(fu)荷率(lv)的(de)考核(he)標準，既(ji)有(you)利(li)于保障城市(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)安全，也(ye)有(you)利(li)于抑制過(guo)度超前(qian)建設。

三是建(jian)立了參考市場(chang)利率(lv)(lv)合理確(que)定(ding)(ding)供水(shui)收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)的機制。明確(que)供水(shui)企業準許收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)根(gen)據權(quan)益(yi)資(zi)(zi)本收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)、債務(wu)資(zi)(zi)本收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)確(que)定(ding)(ding)，權(quan)益(yi)資(zi)(zi)本收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)按(an)照10年期國債收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)加不超(chao)過4個百分點(dian)核定(ding)(ding)，債務(wu)資(zi)(zi)本收(shou)益(yi)率(lv)(lv)按(an)照貸款(kuan)市場(chang)報價利率(lv)(lv)確(que)定(ding)(ding)，有利于吸(xi)引社(she)會資(zi)(zi)本進入，促進供水(shui)行(xing)業健康(kang)持續發展。

四是建立了供水(shui)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)定期校核機制和補(bu)償(chang)機制。明確城鎮供水(shui)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)監管周期原(yuan)則(ze)上(shang)為3年，建立供水(shui)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)與原(yuan)水(shui)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)等(deng)上(shang)下游聯動機制的，監管周期年限可以(yi)適(shi)當(dang)(dang)延長。考慮(lv)當(dang)(dang)地經濟社(she)會(hui)發展水(shui)平和用戶承受(shou)能(neng)力等(deng)因素，由于價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)調整不到位導致(zhi)供水(shui)企業難以(yi)達到準(zhun)許(xu)收入的，當(dang)(dang)地人民政府應(ying)當(dang)(dang)予以(yi)相應(ying)補(bu)償(chang)。

4.問：請問兩個《辦法》如何落實？

答：兩(liang)個《辦法(fa)(fa)》的修(xiu)訂出臺，有助于進(jin)一步規范城鎮(zhen)供水(shui)價格(ge)管(guan)理，保障供水(shui)、用水(shui)雙方(fang)合法(fa)(fa)權益(yi)，促進(jin)城鎮(zhen)供水(shui)事業(ye)健康發展(zhan)，節約和保護水(shui)資源。考(kao)慮到我國地域廣闊，不(bu)同地區水(shui)資源稟(bing)賦條件(jian)、經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水(shui)平、社會承受能力等(deng)情(qing)況差(cha)異較大(da)，兩(liang)個《辦法(fa)(fa)》對(dui)完善城鎮(zhen)供水(shui)價格(ge)機制作出了框架(jia)性要求(qiu)，一些具體(ti)參數設定(ding)(ding)和指標考(kao)核(he)等(deng)需(xu)要各地區結合當地實(shi)際(ji)進(jin)一步細化明確，各地應當制定(ding)(ding)出臺具體(ti)辦法(fa)(fa)或實(shi)施細則。